Acupuncture at PC6 and PC7 help ease carpal tunnel syndrome by improving symptomatology, grip strength, electrophysiological function (significantly increased distal median motor amplitude) and physical provocation sign (2).

Electroacupuncture at PC6-PC7 regulates the mean arterial pressure and heart rate variability, probably via balancing the sympathetic nervous system and the vagus nerve (7). 

Electroacupuncture at Neiguan inhibits expression of protein kinases A, C and G in myocardial ischemic rats. Thus beneficially regulating cells and improving outcomes (8). 

Electroacupuncture at Neiguan improved mean arterial pressure, end-diastolic volume, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and end-systolic pressure in dogs undergoing open chest surgery (9). 

Electroacupuncture pretreatment at Nei guan promotes autophagy flux and alleviates myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. It reduces the infarction size and tissue weight, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure reduces, whilst left ventricular systolic mean pressure, fractional shortening and ejection fraction increase. It decreases creatine kinase (CK)-MB, inducible nitric oxide synthase and increases total antioxidant capacity, widens myocardial fiber space, reduces necrosis and myocardial cell swelling and maintains the nucleus and mitochondria structure intact (10, 11).  

Nei guan (PC6) may potentiate the activity of Na+ -K+ -ATPase and up-regulate Na+ -K+ -ATPase mRNA expression, which may contribute to its protective effect on ischemic cardiocytes (12).

Electroacupuncture at Nei guan increased vagus nerve activity, prevented the development of hyperlactatemia, attenuated the decline of left ventricle ejection fraction, suppressed systemic and cardiac inflammation and alleviated the histopathological manifestations of heart in sepsis rats. Furthermore, the cardiac tissue from EA treated rats showed increased expressions of α7nAChR on macrophages (13) 

Acupuncture at Nei guan (PC6) can reduce the duration of arrhythmia induced by barium chloride, improve the induced pathological changes, down regulate L-type calcium channel a1C subunit mRNA expressions level and increase Ca2 +-Mg2 +-ATPase activity in rabbits (14). 

Acupuncture at Nei guan helps stable angina pectoris by reducing the frequency of attacks, and the need for medication. It also lowers the blood neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. The researchers suggested these changes may also be preventative for coronary heart disease (15).

 PC6 stimulation results in a significant and long lasting reduction in the average blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, most likely via vasodilation (16). 

 Electroacupuncture at Nei guan attenuated the decreases in almost all investigated functional parameters of the heart (including ​​mean arterial and left intraventricular pressures) in thoracic surgery rats. EA significantly decreased the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and the rostral ventrolateral medulla, significantly decreased the Max L. slope of the PVN neurons, and increased the inductivity of the postsynaptic potentials in the PVN neurons thus protecting cardiac function (17). 

 It also improves outcomes for myocardial hypertrophic rats by modulating upstream neuroendocrine cytokines that regulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathways (18). 

Acupuncture at Neiguan activates the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe in the healthy adults. And, the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe and the cingulate gyrus as well as the cerebellum in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (3)

Acupuncture at PC6 increases, ‘the amplitude and average logarithmic power of the alpha band during manual acupuncture [on EEG]. In addition, the frequency peaks in alpha band of 12-channels were more synchronized during and after acupuncture. It is believed that the power and synchronized rhythms in brain oscillation may have to do with autonomic nervous system’ (4). Alpha waves correspond to wakeful rest. 

Electroacupuncture at PC6 resulted in downregulation of adenosine, adrenaline, γ-aminobutyric acid, glycine, and glutamate majorly in hippocampus, and then in cerebral cortex (5).

 Continuous electroacupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6) vs. routine western medicine has a better therapeutic effect for comatose patients with severe cranio-cerebral trauma, especially for those with diffuse axonal injury (6).

Electroacupuncture at PC6 and PC7 significantly reduces nausea and vomiting in postoperative patients (19, 20, 21). As well as in patients undergoing intraoral procedures (22) and those in intensive care settings (23). 

Acupuncture at PC6 and Zu san li (ST36) reduces constipation and acute renal colic pain (24, 25) 

Along with Tian shu (ST25), acupuncture at Nei guan improves colonic motility in IBS rats (26). 

Nei guan reduces transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations in cats with gastric distention, probably via the nitric oxide (NO), CCK-A receptor and mu-opioid receptors (27). 

Another study found Nei guan modulates anxiety by activating or deactivating brain anxiety-related regions (increasing the activity of the left parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and right superior temporal gyrus and decreasing the activity of the right middle frontal gyrus, right precuneus, and cuneus) and provides potential explanations for the application of PC6 acupuncture in mental diseases (28). 

Another study found Nei guan activated the bilateral cingulated gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus and medial frontal gyrus, as well as bilateral declivis and left lingual gurus. These regions have the close relationship with the mental disorder and nervous diseases (29).

Acupuncture at Nei guan can improve hand spasm in post-stroke patients, with more intensive manipuation techniques giving a stronger response (30).

Acupuncture at Nei guan and Tai chong (LV3) reduces pain, stiffness and function impairment in people with osteoarthritis of the knee (31).

Acupuncture at PC6 reduces the stress response in rats, seen in attenuating rises in c-fos expression in the hypothalamus and regulating appetite, this was not seen with the control acupoint, Wai guan (SJ5). It also improved anxiety and anhedonia scores, the researchers thus posited that acupuncture at neiguan can help anxiety and depression (32).

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